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This code lays down the framework for your entire dungeon. As the central concept that ties everything together, the Dungeon class wraps all the other classes, because the Player and Room classes are useless, in this case, without a Dungeon to hold them. This is not to say that any class that s dependent on other classes should be nested, but simply that in this situation, it makes sense to structure the classes in this way. Your dungeon currently has instance variables to store the player and the list of rooms (@rooms = [] creates an empty Array; it s equivalent to @rooms = Array.new). The Player class lets the player object keep track of his or her name and current location. The Room class lets room objects store their name, description (for example, Torture Chamber and This is a dark, foreboding room. ), and connections to other rooms, as well as a reference (to be used by other rooms for their connections). When you create a dungeon with Dungeon.new, it expects to receive the name of the player, whereupon it creates that player and assigns it to the dungeon s instance variable @player. This is because the player and the dungeon need to be linked together, so storing the player object within the dungeon object makes sense. You can easily access the player

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because the player variable has been made into an accessor with attr_accessor. For example:

What if you write something completely different Try it out. For example: >>> The Spanish Inquisition SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> Obviously, the interpreter didn t understand that.3 (If you are running an interpreter other than IDLE, such as the command-line version for Linux, the error message will be slightly different.) The interpreter also indicates what s wrong: it will emphasize the word Spanish by giving it a red background (or, in the command-line version, by using a caret, ^). If you feel like it, play around with the interpreter some more. (For some guidance, try entering the command help at the prompt and pressing Enter. As mentioned, you can press F1 for help about IDLE.) Otherwise, let s press on. After all, the interpreter isn t much fun when you don t know what to tell it, is it

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You can access the player functionality directly by going through the dungeon object. As @player contains the player object, and as @player has been made publicly accessible with attr_accessor :player, you get complete access.

One thing should stand out about the main code listing so far. It s repetitive. The Room and Player classes are merely acting as basic placeholders for data rather than as true classes with logic and functionality. There s an easier way to create this sort of special data-holding class in Ruby with a single line of a class called a Struct. A struct is a special class whose only job is to have attributes and to hold data. Here s a demonstration:

If you use images from iStockphoto.com, these slides might look like the slides on the upper right and lower left in Figure 8-30 after you have added the graphics you found.

Person = Struct.new(:name, :gender, :age) fred = Person.new("Fred", "male", 50) chris = Person.new("Chris", "male", 25) puts fred.age + chris.age